Russian Grammar Workbook

Preface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvi The Noun 1 Gender 1 First and second declensions [30–2, 34] 1 2 Soft-sign nouns [33] 2 3 Common gender [35] 2 4 Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin [36] 2 5 Differentiation of gender through suffixes. Professions [43–4] 3 6 Animals [45] 4 Declension 7 Animacy [47] 4 8 Nouns which have a plural form only [49] 5 9 First declension: masculine nouns [50–2] 5 10 Partitive genitive in -у/-ю [53] 6 11 Prepositional/locative singular in -ý/-  [54] 7 12 Special masculine plural forms [55] 7 13 First declension: neuter nouns in -o [58] 8 14 First declension: nouns in -e, -ье, -ё, -ьё [59] 9 15 Second declension: nouns in -а/-я [61] 9 16 Third declension: soft-sign feminine nouns [63] 11 17 Declension of neuter nouns in -мя [64] 12 18 Declension of nouns in -ия/-ие [65] 12 19 Дéти and л ди [68] 12 20 Declension of first names/surnames [69–70] 13 21 Apposition in the names of publications, towns etc. [72] 13 22 Agreement of ряд, большинствó etc. [75] 14 Case Usage 23 The nominative [77] 14 24 The accusative [79] 15 25 The genitive [80–2] 15 26 The partitive genitive [83–4] 16 27 Genitive and negative [86] 17 28 Genitive and accusative after negated verbs [87] 17 29 Verbs that take the genitive [88] 18 30 The dative as indirect object of a verb [89] 21 31 Verbs that take the dative [90] 21 32 Impersonal constructions using the dative [92] 22 33 The instrumental of function [94] 23 34 The instrumental in passive constructions [96] 23 35 Verbs that take the instrumental [99] 24 36 The instrumental of dimension [101] 24 37 The instrumental as predicate [102] 25 38 Nouns in apposition [103] 26 Revision exercises: case usage 26 The Pronoun 31 39 Personal pronouns [110] 31 40 The pronoun я [113] 32 41 The pronouns ты and вы [115] 32 42 The third-person pronouns (он, онá, онó, он ) [116] 33 43 The Reflexive pronoun себ  [117] 33 44 The possessive pronouns мой, твой, наш, ваш [118] 34 45 The possessive pronouns егó, её, их [119] 34 46 The Reflexive possessive pronoun свой, сво , своё,сво  [120] 35 47 Кто, что, какóй, котóрый, чей as interrogative pronouns [121–2] 35 48 Котóрый, чей, кто and что as relative pronouns [123] 36 49 The demonstrative pronouns тот and тот [125–6] 38 50 Сам and сáмый [131] 38 51 Весь, цéлый, всBкий, кáждый, любóй [132] 39 52 Никтó [134] 39 53 Ничтó [135] 40 54 Никакóй and ничéй [136] 41 55 The ‘potential’ negative pronouns нéкого, нéчего [137] 41 56 Indefinite pronouns with the particles -то, -нибудь [138] 42 57 Нéкоторый [141] 44 58 Other parts of speech which can also function as pronouns [143] 44 The Adjective 45 The Long Form of the Adjective 59 ‘Mixed’ declension [146] 45 60 Soft-ending adjectives [147] 45 61 Formation of adjectives from nouns: the suffixes -н-, -ск-and -oв-/-eв- [148] 46 62 Attributive use of the long adjective [155] 46 63 Use of the long adjective with predicative meaning [156] 48 Revision exercises: declension of adjectives 48 The Short Form of the Adjective 64 Endings of the short form of the adjective [159] 50 65 The mobile vowels -е-, -o- and -ё- in the masculine short form [161] 50 66 Some special short forms [162] 50 67 Short forms: pairs of opposites [168] 51 68 Adjectives of dimension [169] 51 69 Delimitation of meaning by the oblique case of a noun or pronoun [170] 52 70 Delimitation of meaning by a prepositional phrase [171] 53 Revision exercises: short-form and long-form adjectives 53 The Comparative Degree of the Adjective 71 The attributive comparative with бóлее [177] 55 72 One-word attributive comparatives [178] 56 73 Predicative comparative forms in -ее [179] 56 74 Comparative short forms in -e in predicative meaning [180–1] 57 75 Constructions with the comparative [182] 58 76 Other functions of the short-form comparative [184] 59 The Superlative Degree of the Adjective 77 The superlative degree with сáмый [185] 60 78 Вb́Iсший and низший [186] 60 The Numeral 61 Cardinal, Collective and Indefinite Numerals 79 The cardinal numeral [190] 61 80 Declension of cardinal numerals [191] 62 81 The numeral одѝн, однá, однó, однѝ [193] 62 82 Полторá/полторb́I, два/две, три, четHре, óба/óбе [194] 63 83 Numerals five and above [195] 64 84 Agreement of oblique cases of numerals полторá/полторb́I to 999 with oblique plural forms of nouns [196] 65 85 Declension of compound numerals [198] 66 86 Collective numerals [200] 67 87 Indefinite numerals [201] 68 88 Agreement of the predicate with a subject that contains a numeral [202] 69 Ordinal Numerals 89 Formation of ordinal numerals. Usage [203–4] 70 Special Functions of Numerals 90 Telling the time [206] 71 91 Giving the date [207] 73 92 Numerals in compound nouns and adjectives [211] 74 The Verb 75 Conjugation 93 First-conjugation verbs with stems ending in a vowel [215] 75 94 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems I [216] 77 95 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems II: verbs in -ать with consonant mutation throughout conjugation [217] 78 96 First-conjugation verbs with consonant stems III: verbs in -ти, -сть/-зть, -чь [218] 79 97 Present-future endings in the second conjugation [220–1] 81 98 Consonant change in the conjugation of second-conjugation verbs [222] 82 Revision exercises: conjugation of verbs 82 99 The verb ‘to be’ [226] 84 100 Formation of and stress in the imperative [227–8] 85 Revision exercise: imperative mood 86 101 Formation of the past tense [230–1] 86 102 The mobile vowel -o- in conjugation [234] 89 Aspect 103 Introductory [235]. Formation of the perfective by prefixation [239].Submeanings of perfectives [242] 89 104 The formation of imperfectives from prefixed first-conjugation verbs [244] 91 105 Secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [246] 91 106 Consonant mutation in secondary imperfectives based on second-conjugation verbs [247] 91 107 Secondary imperfectives based on monosyllabic verbs [248] 92 108 The differentiation of aspects by conjugation. Aspectival pairs with different roots. Verbs which are reflexive in the imperfective aspect only [250–2] 92 109 Compounds of -ложить [253] 94 110 Meanings of verbal prefixes [254] 94 111 The imperfective and perfective aspects [255] 95 112 Aspect in the present tense [256] 97 113 Aspect in the past tense [257] 98 114 Use of the imperfective past to denote an action and its reverse [259] 99 115 Use of the imperfective past to denote a forthcoming event [261] 100 116 Negated verbs in the past [262] 100 117 Aspect in the future [263] 101 118 The ‘logical’ future [264] 102 119 The future in reported speech [265] 102 120 Use of the future to express repeated actions [266] 103 121 Use of the imperative in the context of a single action [270] 103 122 Use of the imperative to exhort and invite [271] 104 123 Negative commands/warnings [273] 104 124 Aspect in the infinitive. Introductory [276] 105 125 Use of the infinitive to denote habitual actions [277] 105 126 Use of the imperfective infinitive after verbs of beginning, continuing and concluding [278] 106 127 Inadvisable and advisable actions [279] 106 128 A request to perform/not to perform an action [280] 107 Revision exercises: aspect 108 Reflexive Verbs 129 Reflexive verbs. The ‘true’ Reflexive [284–5] 110 130 Intransitive Reflexives [287] 111 131 Reflexive verbs with passive meaning [288] 112 132 Reciprocal meanings [289] 112 The Passive Voice 133 The passive voice [300–3] 113 The Conditional and Subjunctive Moods 134 The conditional mood [304–5] 114 135 Use of the subjunctive to express wish or desire [308] 115 136 The subjunctive of purposeful endeavour [309] 116 137 Purpose clauses [310] 117 138 The expression of hypothesis [311] 117 139 Concessive constructions [312] 118 Constructions Expressing Obligation, Necessity, Possibility or Potential 140 The expression of obligation and necessity [313] 119 141 The expression of possibility or potential [314] 120 Verbs of Motion 142 Unidirectional and multidirectional verbs of motion. Conjugation [315–16] 121 143 Imperatives and past tense of verbs of motion [317–18] 121 144 ‘To go’: идтѝ/ходѝть and éхать/éздить [319] 122 145 Functions of unidirectional verbs of motion [3            20] 122 146 Unidirectional verbs in frequentative contexts [321] 123 147 Functions of multidirectional verbs of motion [322] 123 148 Use of the past tense of a multidirectional verb to denote a single return journey. Perfectives of unidirectional verbs [323/326] 124 149 The verbs нестѝ, носѝть; вестѝ, водѝть; везтѝ, возѝть. Translation of ‘to drive’ [324–5] 125 150 Perfectives of multidirectional verbs [329] 126 151 Compound verbs of motion [331] 126 152 Prefixed verbs of motion [332/334] 128 153 Spelling rules in the formation of compound verbs of motion [333] 129 154 Use of the imperfective past of a compound verb of motion to denote an action and its reverse [335] 129 155 Figurative and idiomatic uses of compound verbs of motion [336] 130 156 Perfectives in c- based on multidirectional verbs [337] 130 Participles 157 Present active participle. Formation and stress [340–1] 131 158 The past active participle. Formation and stress [342–3] 132 159 The imperfective passive participle. Formation and stress [344–7] 133 160 Formation of the perfective passive participle from infinitives in -ать/-ять [349] 134 161 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from verbs in -ать/-ять [351] 135 162 Formation of the short-form participle from second-conjugation verbs in -ить/-еть [352] 135 163 Consonant mutation in participles from second-conjugation infinitives in -ить/-еть [353] 136 164 Formation of the long-form (attributive) participle from second-conjugation verbs in -ить/-еть [354] 137 165 Formation of perfective passive participles (short form) from verbs in -ти, -чь, -зть, -сть [355] 138 166 Long-form participles from verbs in -ти, -чь,-зть, -сть [356] 139 167 Perfective passive participles in -т [357] 140 168 The long form of participles in -т [358] 140 169 Functions of short-form participles [359] 140 170 Functions of long-form participles [360] 141 171 Agreement of long-form participle and noun [361] 143 172 Text on participles [339–66] 145 Gerunds 173 Formation of/stress in the imperfective gerund. Lack of an imperfective gerund [368–71] 146 174 Formation of the perfective gerund [372–6] 147 175 Functions of the gerunds [377] 148 176 Special features of constructions with gerunds [378] 149 The Adverb 150 177 Adverbs derived from adjectives/nouns [382–3] 150 178 Adverbs derived from pronouns [386] 151 179 Primary spatial adverbs [387] 152 180 Primary adverbs of time [388] 152 181 Ещё, ещё не, ещё раз [389–90] 153 182 The temporal adverbs дóлго, давнó and недáвно [391] 153 183 Тóже, тáкже [394] 154 184 Indefinite adverbs (adverbs in -то and -нибудь) [395] 154 185 The negative adverbs нигдé, никудá, ниоткýда, никогдá,никáк, нискóлько [396] 155 186 The negative adverbs нéгде, нéкуда, нéкогда, нéоткуда,нéзачем [397] 156 187 Comparative adverbs [398] 156 188 The superlative adverb [400] 157 The Preposition 158 189 The prepositions о/об/обо [402] 158 190 The mobile vowel -о [404] 158 Spatial Prepositions 191 В and на + prepositional/accusative, из/с + genitive [408] 159 192 The use of в and на with geographical terminology and the names of organizations, buildings and parts of buildings [409] 160 193 Nouns which may be used with в and на, but with different meanings [410] 162 194 Accusative of destination and genitive of withdrawal [411] 164 195 Uses of на when the dependent noun denotes an activity, event [412] 165 196 В and на: extension of the spatial meanings [413] 165 Prepositions that Denote the Position of an Object in Relation to another Object 197 Зa + instrumental/accusative, из-за + genitive [414] 165 198 Перед + instrumental, вперед + genitive [416] 166 199 Под + instrumental/accusative, из-под + genitive [417] 166 200 Над + instrumental, повéрх + genitive [418] 167 Prepositions that Denote Spatial Closeness to an Object, Movement towards or Away from an Object 201 У + genitive, к + dative, от + genitive [420] 168 Prepositions that Denote Along, Across, Through a Spatial Area 202 По + dative; через, сквòзь + accusative; поперёк, вдòль + genitive [424] 169 Temporal Prepositions 203 Telling the time [426] 170 204 Days [427] 171 205 Parts of a day [428] 172 206 Weeks, months, years and centuries [429] 172 207 Во врéмя, в течéние [430] 173 The Use of Prepositions to Denote Action in Relation to Various Time Limits 208 The use of с + genitive, до + genitive to denote terminal points in time [434] 174 209 Use of к + dative and по[д + accusative to denote temporal approach [435] 174 210 Use of в/за + accusative to denote the time taken to complete an action. Use of в + accusative to denote the period during which an action occurs a stated number of times [436–7] 175 211 Use of prepositions to denote sequence in time (before, after etc.) [439] 176 Other Meanings 212 Prepositions with causal meaning [443] 177 213 Prepositions that denote the object of feelings and attitudes [444] 178 214 Prepositions that denote extent [445] 178 215 Prepositions that denote purpose [446] 179 216 По + dative/accusative in distributive meaning [448] 179 Other Important Meanings Expressed by Prepositions 217 Prepositions that take the accusative [449] 179 218 Prepositions that take the genitive [450] 181 219 Prepositions that take the dative, instrumental or prepositional [451–3] 183 The Conjunction 185 Co-ordinating Conjunctions 220 Connective and adversative conjunctions [455–6] 185 221 Disjunctive conjunctions [457] 186 Subordinating Conjunctions 222 Explanatory conjunctions [458] 187 223 Conjunctions of purpose [460] 187 224 Temporal conjunctions. Introductory and those which render ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘until’, ‘since’ [465–6] 188 225 Other conjunctions of time [467] 189 The Particle 191 226 ‘Almost’, ‘only’ [471] 191 227 Modal functions of particles [472] 192 Word Order 194 228 ‘New’ and ‘given’ information [476] 194 229 Relative position of subject and verb [477] 195 230 Subject, verb, object [478] 196 231 The position of the adverb [480] 198 232 Sentences that contain more than one adverb or adverbial phrase [481] 199 Grammar Quiz 200 Key 202